{"id":38282,"date":"2022-03-08T09:35:25","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T09:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.ionexchangeglobal.com\/?page_id=38282"},"modified":"2023-10-07T14:45:07","modified_gmt":"2023-10-07T09:15:07","slug":"preguntas-frecuentes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/","title":{"rendered":"Preguntas frecuentes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Agua y aguas residuales<\/h2>

  1. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la contaminaci\u00f3n del agua?<\/h3>

    El t\u00e9rmino contaminaci\u00f3n del agua, en general puede definirse como cualquier alteraci\u00f3n en
    f\u00edsico,
    propiedades qu\u00edmicas o biol\u00f3gicas del agua por vertido de aguas residuales o residuos industriales o de cualquier l\u00edquido,
    gaseoso o
    sustancias s\u00f3lidas en el agua que puedan o puedan crear molestias o hacer que dicha agua sea nociva o nociva
    a
    salud p\u00fablica o seguridad, o para usos dom\u00e9sticos, comerciales, industriales, agr\u00edcolas u otros usos leg\u00edtimos, o
    animal
    vida
    y salud.<\/p><\/li>

  2. \u00bfCu\u00e1les son los principales contaminantes del agua?<\/h3>

    La gran cantidad de contaminantes del agua se pueden clasificar en t\u00e9rminos generales en las siguientes categor\u00edas:<\/p>

    1. Contaminantes inorg\u00e1nicos<\/li>
    2. Contaminantes org\u00e1nicos<\/li>
    3. Contaminantes t\u00e9rmicos<\/li>
    4. Contaminantes radiactivos<\/li>
    5. Sedimentos<\/li>
    6. Agentes infecciosas<\/li>
    7. Nutrientes vegetales<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>
      1. Contaminantes inorg\u00e1nicos

        Los contaminantes qu\u00edmicos inorg\u00e1nicos se encuentran naturalmente en el medio ambiente, pero debido a la acci\u00f3n humanadevelopment
        estas
        contaminantes
        son
        a menudo se concentra y se libera al medio ambiente. Los principales contaminantes inorg\u00e1nicos de inter\u00e9s soncadmium,
        cobre,<\/p><\/li>

      2. plomo, zinc, nitr\u00f3geno, nitrato, nitrito, amon\u00edaco, f\u00f3sforo y fosfato.<\/p>

        Fuentes:<\/p>

        Los efluentes industriales son la principal fuente de contaminantes inorg\u00e1nicos. P.ej. di\u00f3xido de azufre del poderplants,
        Amon\u00edaco
        de residuos del procesamiento de alimentos y residuos qu\u00edmicos de subproductos industriales. Fertilizantes agr\u00edcolas ysurface
        escorrent\u00edas
        son otras fuentes de contaminantes inorg\u00e1nicos.<\/p>

        Efectos da\u00f1inos<\/p>

        • Puede matar a los peces y otros animales acu\u00e1ticos.<\/li>
        • Interfieren con la idoneidad del agua para beber y uso industrial.<\/li>
        • Toxic pollutants tend concentrate in food chainLos contaminantes t\u00f3xicos tienden a concentrarse en las cadenas alimentarias<\/li>
        • Degradar la actividad microbiana del suelo.<\/li>
        • P\u00e9rdida de la capacidad de vigilancia.<\/li>
        • P\u00e9rdida de coordinaci\u00f3n mano-ojo.<\/li>
        • El gas NO2 puede provocar tos, dificultad para respirar, irritaci\u00f3n de las v\u00edas respiratorias superiores, broncoespasmos,n\u00e1useas
          y v\u00f3mitos<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
        • Contaminantes org\u00e1nicos

          Los contaminantes org\u00e1nicos son b\u00e1sicamente compuestos que pueden ser degradados por microorganismos. Suele consumir el<\/p><\/li>

        • disponible
          ox\u00edgeno en el proceso de degradaci\u00f3n. El OD \u00f3ptimo en agua natural es de 4 a 6 ppm y, por lo tanto, org\u00e1nica.<\/p><\/li>

        • contaminantes
          like
          Se deben eliminar aguas residuales, aceites, etc. para mantener el agua libre de dichos contaminantes.<\/p><\/li>

        • Contaminantes t\u00e9rmicos

          El agua calentada se vierte como efluente industrial. Para mantener el equilibrio ecol\u00f3gico de temperatura.<\/p><\/li>

        • necesita serequalized with the receiving water body. This is an important criterion as increased temperature lowers
          dissolved DO in
          water.<\/p><\/li>

        • Radioactive pollutants

          Uranium and thorium wastes from mining, refining and its various industrial applications contribute to
          radioactive
          wastes. Nuclear power plants, medical and scientific research use are areas where such wastes may be
          created.<\/p><\/li>

        • Sediments

          Erosion removes soil and minerals from crop lands, forests, residential and corporate communities and
          carries
          it as
          sediment. Sediments represent the most extensive pollutants of surface water.<\/p>

          Bottom sediments are important source of inorganic and organic matter in streams, fresh water, estuaries and
          oceans.
          Sediments are also repositories for trace metals such as Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, etc.<\/p><\/li>

        • Infectious agents

          Wastewater discharged from municipalities; sanatoria, tanning etc. may contain decease producing
          micro-organisms.<\/p><\/li>

        • Plant nutrients

          Growth stimulating plant nutrients include like nitrogen and phosphorous add to the BOD of the water.
          Presence
          of
          nutrients encourages algal growth, which decreases DO levels, and creates problems in treatments.<\/p>

          1. Where does water pollution come from?<\/h3>

            The sources of water pollution are categorized as direct and indirect contaminant sources. Direct
            sources
            directly
            discharge contaminants into surface water which includes waste water from factories and sewage from
            housing
            colonies.
            Indirect sources include contaminants that enter the water supply from soil\/groundwater systems and from
            the
            atmosphere
            via rain water. Soil and ground waters contain residue of agricultural practices (fertilizers,
            pesticides,
            etc.) and
            improperly disposed of industrial wastes. Atmospheric contaminants are also derived from human practices
            (such as
            gaseous emissions from automobiles, factories and even bakeries).<\/p><\/li>

          2. How do we detect water pollution?<\/h3>

            Water is polluted by different contaminants and it can be detected by analyzing water samples in
            laboratory.
            Titration
            test is to detect hardness, dissolve oxygen, carbon dioxide and alkalinity. Colorimetric tests are
            performed
            to check
            PH, Phosphate, silica, ammonia and Sulfides. Heavy metal limit test is to determine the level of heavy
            metals.<\/p><\/li>

          3. What is eutrophication? How it can be prevented?<\/h3>

            Increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem
            such as a lake
            is called eutrophication. This rise is nutrient level results in an accelerated life cycle of water plants
            like algae,
            water hyacinth, etc. Vegetative cover restricts entry of light and oxygen in the water. Moreover the
            degrading debris
            uses up all available dissolved oxygen in water rendering the water lifeless. Wastewater should be treated
            for removal
            of phosphorus and nitrates by various physiochemical and biological methods. Effective technologies are
            available in
            removal of nutrients along with BOD and COD. Conventional methods of separate nitrification and
            denitrification can also
            be adopted but with increased cost and area.<\/p><\/li>

          4. Where does wastewater come from?<\/h3>

            Waste water comes from sewage which includes black water (human waste) and grey water (kitchen and laundry
            waste),
            septic tank discharge, industrial waste which includes effluent and process water. Agricultural practices
            also produce
            waste water by contaminating water with pesticides and fertilizers<\/p><\/li>

          5. Why is it necessary to treat wastewater?<\/h3>

            Proper treatment of wastewater reduces health risks to humans, animals and prevents surface and
            groundwater
            contamination. Wastewater treatment helps to reuse the waste water and reduces the consumption of fresh
            water.<\/p><\/li>

          6. What is a wastewater treatment system?<\/h3>

            Wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both
            runoffs
            (effluents), domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and biological
            processes to remove
            physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe
            fluid
            waste stream
            (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as
            farm fertilizer).<\/p>

            Treatment system depends on the characteristics of wastewater and treated water quality to be achieved.
            The treatment
            plant includes primary treatment such as Screens, Grit Chambers & Clarifiers.<\/p><\/li>

          7. What is aerobic wastewater treatment?<\/h3>

            Aerobic wastewater treatment is the process where bacteria requires oxygen for their respiration while
            oxidizing or
            consuming organic matter present in the wastewater. Aerobic bacteria can only convert organic compounds
            when plenty of
            oxygen is present, because they need it to perform any kind of chemical conversion. Usually the products
            they convert
            the contaminants to are carbon dioxide and water<\/p><\/li>

          8. What is the MLSS and MLVSS?<\/h3>

            MLSS is Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids & MLVSS is Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids.
            MLSS is total suspende solids in the aeration tank whereas MLVSS is part of MLSS which actually
            concentration of
            biological matter present in aeration tank.<\/p><\/li>

          9. What is F\/M ratio?<\/h3>

            It is ration food to mass ratio ie BOD to the microorganism present in the aeration tank<\/p><\/li>

          10. 12. What C:N:P means and what should be the ratio maintained?<\/h3>

            C– Carbon source which is food for biomass.\u2013 Either COD or BOD. Normally BOD is considered for the
            design
            purpose of
            aerobic treatment and COD concentration considered for anaerobic treatment.
            N \u2013 Nitrogen (TKN) which is Nutrients
            P — Phosphorus.
            Normally it is in the ratio of C:N:P i.e. 100: 5: 1 if BOD as Carbon source and 500:5:1 if COD as carbon
            source for
            calculation.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

            MBR \u2013 Membrane Bio Reactor<\/h2>

            1. What Is MBR?<\/h3>

              The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a combination of the activated sludge process and the membrane technology to
              provide an
              advanced level of organic and suspended solids removal.<\/p><\/li>

            2. What are the advantages of MBR system over conventional system?<\/h3>
              1. Compact System<\/li>
              2. High effluent quality<\/li>
              3. High volumetric load possible<\/li>
              4. High rate of degradation<\/li>
              5. Possible to convert from existing conventional active sludge purification<\/li>
              6. Removes bacteria up to 6 log<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

              7. Types of submerged\/immersed MBR<\/h3>
                1. Flat Sheet<\/li>
                2. Hollow fiber<\/li>
                3. High volumetric load possible<\/li>
                4. High rate of degradation<\/li>
                5. Possible to convert from existing conventional active sludge purification<\/li>
                6. Removes bacteria up to 6 log<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                7. What is INDION\u00aeIPC MBR?<\/h3>

                  INDION IPC MBR membranes are flat “integrated permeate channel membrane” (IPC membrane) which comprises two
                  membrane
                  layers coated directly on opposite surfaces of a tridimensional textile (3D textile) that is used as support
                  of the
                  membrane layers. The 3D fabric consists of two parallel fabric layers which are spaced apart by loops of
                  monofilament
                  threads, thereby forming a permeate channel between the membrane layers.<\/p><\/li>

                8. What MLSS generally maintained in INDION\u00aeIPC MBR system?<\/h3>

                  INDION\u00aeIPC MBR system have high MLSS compared conventional ASP and FMR system. INDION\u00aeIPC MBR system have
                  MLSS
                  8000-12000 mg\/lit.<\/p><\/li>

                9. What are advantages of INDION\u00aeIPC MBR?<\/h3>
                  1. Compact and modular Sewage Treatment Plant with in-built biological system and Ultra filtration system
                    provide
                    consistent treated water quality through membranes which will be free from bacteria & can be directly reused
                    for
                    gardening, car washing, cooling tower, building construction and all secondary purposes.<\/li>
                  2. Even in case of floating sludge a solid-free outlet quality can be guaranteed<\/li>
                  3. Operates at Higher MLSS (8000 \u2013 12000 mg\/lit) concentration in Aeration tank & higher sludge retention
                    time hence
                    low sludge generation results in reduction in cost for sludge handling system. Sludge generated is
                    completely
                    digested sludge.<\/li>
                  4. More efficient at High flux operation compared to other MBR technologies. Requires lower membrane surface
                    area and
                    plant footprint.<\/li>
                  5. Substantial reduction in energy consumption due to lower membrane area.<\/li>
                  6. State-of Art Low Fouling and fully back washable membrane helps to reduce cleaning chemical consumption
                    and
                    ensures long membrane life.<\/li>
                  7. Lower capital and operation cost of the plant<\/li>
                  8. Footprint can be reduced with available double & triple decker membrane arrangement.<\/li>
                  9. STP requires simple civil construction. Plant can be made functional or Upgraded in very short duration by
                    installing prefabricated membrane modules.<\/li>
                  10. Fully Automated plant with user friendly Operation and minimal maintenance.<\/li>
                  11. Disinfection or more extensive tertiary treatment can be omitted. No need of additional tertiary treatment
                    like
                    chlorination, Sand filters, Activated Carbon filter or any filtration systems.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                  12. What are the features of INDION\u00aeIPC MBR?<\/h3>
                    1. Integrated Permeate Channel membranes (IPC \u00ae) the first fully back-washable flat sheet membrane<\/li>
                    2. Double flux yield compared to other MBR (40 LMH for sewage & 20 LMH for effluent)<\/li>
                    3. Lower footprint and energy demand<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                      FMR \u2013 Fluidized Media Reactor<\/h2>

                      1. What is FMR?<\/h3>

                        The Fluidized Media Reactor (FMR) system consists of an activated sludge aeration system where the bacteria
                        is attached
                        on carrier media. These carriers have an internal large surface for optimal contact water, air and bacteria.<\/p><\/li>

                      2. Difference between FMR and MBBR?<\/h3>

                        MBBR and FMR are same technology with different name.<\/p><\/li>

                      3. What are the types of FMR media?<\/h3>

                        1. PP Media<\/h4>
                          1. High Protected Surface Area<\/li>
                          2. High physical & chemical resistance of media<\/li>
                          3. Low Annual Losses (3-5%)<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                          4. Carbon Impregnated Media<\/h4>
                            1. Porous, adsorbing PU media impregnated with activated carbon<\/li>
                            2. High adsorbent capacity<\/li>
                            3. High internal porosity with extremely large surface area<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                            4. What are advantages of FMR system?<\/h3>
                              1. Reduced power and operating costs<\/li>
                              2. No continuous sludge recycle<\/li>
                              3. Significant reduction in space due to high surface area and loading of media<\/li>
                              4. Less maintenance<\/li>
                              5. Easy up gradation and extension of existing wastewater treatment plants<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                                UASB \u2013 Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed<\/h2>

                                1. What is anaerobic wastewater treatment?<\/h3>

                                  Anaerobic treatment is a biological process carried out in the absence of O2 for the stabilization of organic
                                  materials.
                                  The stabilization of organic material by conversion to methane, carbon dioxide, new biomass and inorganic
                                  products.
                                  Anaerobic treatment is most suitable for wastewaters with COD concentrations in the high strength range (>2000
                                  mg\/l).<\/p><\/li>

                                2. What are types of anaerobic technologies?<\/h3>
                                  1. Fixed Film reactor<\/li>
                                  2. Fluidised Bed reactor<\/li>
                                  3. Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Be d (INDION\u00ae UASB)<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                  4. What is use of Three Phase separator in INDION\u00ae UASB ?<\/h3>

                                    Three Phase separator enables the reactor to separate gas, water and sludge mixtures.<\/p><\/li>

                                  5. What are the advantages of INDION\u00ae UASB compared to conventional UASB?<\/h3>
                                    1. Feed distribution boxes ensures even distribution of effluent at bottom of UASB.<\/li>
                                    2. Less power consumption by gravity feeding system.<\/li>
                                    3. Higher Life of internals – FRP fabricated from Iso-Phthalic Resin & all the pipes are in HDPE<\/li>
                                    4. Gas Dome INDION\u00ae UASB gas dome is of FRP Iso-Phthalic Resin which is inert to this environment.<\/li>
                                    5. Less replacement of internals with life of internals more than 12-15 years<\/li>
                                    6. Inlet & outlet launders are open and hence can be Inspected, cleaned & maintained easily.<\/li>
                                    7. Even inlet distribution system, uniform outlet collection system and provision for scum removal which
                                      increases
                                      the efficiency of UASB and consistent performance over long period of operation.<\/li>
                                    8. Higher gas generation<\/li>
                                    9. Outside Lamella clarifier , which gives better control on the settling of solids.<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                                      SBR \u2013 Sequential Batch Reactor<\/h2>

                                      1. What is INDION\u00ae SBR?<\/h3>

                                        INDION\u00ae SBR is modification of conventional activated sludge process. In INDION\u00ae SBR, equalization,
                                        biological treatment
                                        and clarification of treated wastewater carried out in single tank with time control sequence.<\/p><\/li>

                                      2. What are the steps involved in INDION\u00ae SBR system?<\/h3>
                                        1. Fill :- The inlet valve opens and the tank is being filled in, while mixing is provided by means of blower
                                          (air)<\/li>
                                        2. React (aeration):- Aeration of the mixed liquor is performed during the second stage by the use of
                                          mechanical
                                          aerators or transferring air into fine bubble diffusers fixed to the floor of the tank (diffused aeration
                                          system).<\/li>
                                        3. Settle (sedimentation\/ Clarification):- No aeration or mixing is provided in the third stage and the
                                          settling of
                                          suspended solids starts.<\/li>
                                        4. Draw (decant):- During the fourth stage the outlet valve opens and the “clean\u201d supernatant liquor exits
                                          the tank.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                        5. What are the advantages of INDION\u00ae SBR system?<\/h3>
                                          1. Flow rate fluctuations do not upset the plant as flow rate variation is limited to equalization tank only.
                                            In SBR,
                                            there is only level control of fixed volume.<\/li>
                                          2. Operating flexibility and control – Better process control (MLSS, BOD loading and F\/M ratio) as in batch
                                            process
                                            one can monitor and adjust the parameter very easily when compared with continuous process.<\/li>
                                          3. Consistent good quality treated sewage for reuse application (BOD – <10, TSS – <20)<\/li>
                                          4. Nitrification & Denitrification ,Primary clarification, biological treatment and secondary clarification
                                            can be
                                            achieved in a single reactor vessel.<\/li>
                                          5. Elimination of clarifiers, sludge recirculation system.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                          6. Can SBR have more than one tank design?<\/h3>

                                            Yes, we can design SBR system with multiple SBR basin as per influent flow rate.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                                            NGPSTP \u2013 New Generation Packaged Sewage Treatment Plant<\/h2>

                                            1. What is NGPSTP?<\/h3>

                                              NGPSTP is New Generation Packaged Sewage treatment Plant which combines aeration and clarification in single
                                              unit.<\/p><\/li>

                                            2. Does NGPSTP handles Total Nitrogen?<\/h3>

                                              Yes. NGPSTP has anoxic zone which can convert nitrates to nitrogen gas by denitrification process.<\/p><\/li>

                                            3. Does NGPSTP require air blower?<\/h3>

                                              No. NGPSTP works on principle of rotating biological contactors.<\/p><\/li>

                                            4. Does NGPSTP have lower operating cost compare to other STP technologies?<\/h3>

                                              Yes. Air blower and pumps are not required in NGPSTP due to which it has lower OPEX compare to other aerobic
                                              technologies.<\/p><\/li>

                                            5. What are the features of NGPSTP?<\/h3>
                                              1. All in one single packaged STP<\/li>
                                              2. Modular design<\/li>
                                              3. High quality effluent<\/li>
                                              4. 3 month sludge storage capacity<\/li>
                                              5. Minimal maintenance<\/li>
                                              6. GRP constriction \u2013 no corrosion<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                              7. What are the advantages of NGPSTP?<\/h3>
                                                1. Minimal land requirement<\/li>
                                                2. Lower OPEX (operating cost)<\/li>
                                                3. Lower CAPEX (Capital cost)<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                                                  Desalination<\/h2>

                                                  1. What is osmosis?<\/h3>

                                                    Osmosis refers to the passage of water through a thin semipermeable membrane from the side with low salt
                                                    concentration
                                                    to the side with higher salt concentration. This can happen even when the water level is higher on the high
                                                    salt side
                                                    and the water must move against a pressure difference. The bottom line is that osmosis refers to a
                                                    concentration
                                                    difference manifesting itself as a pressure difference.<\/p><\/li>

                                                  2. What is reverse osmosis (RO)?<\/h3>

                                                    The other side of the coin is reverse osmosis. A difference in pressure is used to cause a difference in salt
                                                    concentration. It is as though the pressure is being used to force the water molecules through the membrane
                                                    while
                                                    retaining the larger salt. Salt means any inorganic compound dissolved in water. When water is processed by
                                                    reverse
                                                    osmosis a large fraction of dissolved material is removed. The cleaner the input water the cleaner the output
                                                    water will
                                                    be. Conversely, if your input water is clean enough, you may not need an RO unit.<\/p><\/li>

                                                  3. What are the alternatives to RO?<\/h3>
                                                    1. Distillation- It produces clean water by evaporating the water from the input and condensing the steam. It
                                                      is
                                                      highly energy-intensive and expensive unless you have a free source of waste heat. Distillation systems tend
                                                      to be
                                                      low capacity.<\/li>
                                                    2. Ion-exchange- The systems work by exchanging cations such as calcium and magnesium for the cation on the
                                                      resin,
                                                      usually sodium, potassium or hydrogen. They also exchange anions like carbonate and sulfate for the anion on
                                                      the
                                                      resin, usually chloride or hydroxyl. These systems can be recharged and should be as the resins are very
                                                      expensive.
                                                      The recharging may be just a small annoyance (as with sodium chloride resins) or potentially hazardous (as
                                                      with
                                                      hydrogen\/hydroxyl resins).<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                    3. How do I know what is in my drinking water?<\/h3>

                                                      If you are on city water, your local water must meet very strict Federal and State standards for purity.
                                                      However, many
                                                      areas use ground water (well water) high in minerals and salts. This can affect taste. All municipally treated
                                                      water is
                                                      chlorinated, and this can also affect taste and create odors in the water. If you are on a private well or
                                                      spring, you
                                                      should have your water tested. Contact AWS for specific recommendations.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    4. Will RO remove hardness minerals or help cut down on scale build-up in coffee pots, etc.?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes! Most water contains “total dissolved solids” (TDS), which is roughly the total inorganic mineral content
                                                      of the
                                                      water, and these are removed. The reverse osmosis membrane separates these dissolved solids, or salts and
                                                      flushes them
                                                      down the drain.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    5. Will these systems remove lead?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes. Both the RO membrane and the carbon block filter will reduce the lead. Carbon block filters use a
                                                      lead-specific
                                                      filter media combined with the carbon to reduce lead.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    6. Will RO systems remove parasites or cysts?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes. The RO systems are certified for cyst removal.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    7. Are bacteria a problem with reverse osmosis systems?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes and no. We have tested many of our systems for total bacteria counts over the years and have not found
                                                      higher levels
                                                      after the systems unless the systems sat for several days in between uses. However, in some cases, bacteria
                                                      can grow,
                                                      particularly when the source water is high in bacteria and\/or low in chlorine residual. We also have
                                                      Ultra-Violet
                                                      Sterilizer Systems that disinfect water after it leaves the filter system, insuring water low in bacteria. The
                                                      manufacturers state in their warranty information that the RO systems are designed to be installed on water
                                                      that is
                                                      disinfected or does not have dangerous bacteria such as e.coli.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    8. Are RO systems difficult to install?<\/h3>

                                                      No. The RO systems come complete with tubing, fittings and items required to install it. In some cases you
                                                      may need to
                                                      drill a new hole in your sink, or you can use an existing hole to install the RO faucet. Typically a plumber
                                                      will take
                                                      20 minutes to read the installation instructions and 1 to 1-1\/2 hours to do a professional installation, but
                                                      many
                                                      homeowners have installed these themselves.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    9. The filters should be changed once a year. The membrane should be changed every 3 to 5 years depending on
                                                      the TDS levels in the purified water. How often should I change the filters in an RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      The filters should be changed once a year. The membrane should be changed every 3 to 5 years depending on the
                                                      TDS levels
                                                      in the purified water.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    10. What does mean by ‘Recovery’ of RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      ‘Recovery’ of RO system is defined as ratio of Permeate Flow to the Feed Flow.
                                                      % Recovery = Permeate Flow\/Feed Flow X 100
                                                      For e.g. : If feed Flow is 100 m3\/hr and Permeate Flow is 60 m3\/hr Then Recovery of RO
                                                      System is 60 %.
                                                      Recovery = 60 m3\/hr\/100 m3\/hr X 100
                                                      = 60 %.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    11. What is meaning of ‘Salt Passage’?<\/h3>

                                                      Theoretically no salt should pass through RO membrane. But no membrane is 100% perfect. Hence some salt does
                                                      pass
                                                      through imperfections on the membrane. Passage of this salt is called ‘Salt Passage’. % Salt Passage =
                                                      Permeate TDS\/Feed
                                                      TDS X 100<\/p><\/li>

                                                    12. What is meaning of ‘Salt rejection’?<\/h3>

                                                      The percentage of Solute concentration removed from system feed water by the membrane is called ‘Salt
                                                      rejection’. % Salt
                                                      rejection = (1 – Salt Passage) X 100<\/p><\/li>

                                                    13. What does it mean by ‘Permeate water’?<\/h3>

                                                      Purified product water produced by membrane is called ‘Permeate water’ of RO system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    14. What is meaning of ‘Reject water’?<\/h3>

                                                      Concentrated high TDS water is rejected by membrane is called ‘Reject water’ of RO system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    15. What does mean by ‘Flux’?<\/h3>

                                                      The rate of Permeate water transported per unit membrane area is called ‘Flux’ of RO system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    16. What is MOC for RO membrane?<\/h3>

                                                      Polyamide and Cellulose acetate are the MOC for RO membrane.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    17. Does RO system require cleaning?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes, RO system needs cleaning frequently, to remove scaling and fouling from the membrane surface, to improve
                                                      system
                                                      performance.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    18. What factors affect RO performance?<\/h3>

                                                      Pressure, temperature, recovery and feed water salt concentration are the factors which mainly influence the
                                                      RO
                                                      performance.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    19. Can I use RO reject water for other applications?<\/h3>

                                                      If RO reject TDS is 1000 ppm, we can use it for gardening purpose and toilet flushing purpose. RO reject
                                                      water having
                                                      TDS 1000 ppm to 2000 ppm can also be selectively used for plantation as some plants survive and grow on High
                                                      TDS water.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    20. Is pH correction required for RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      In some process application where neutral pH (pH 7) is desired, pH correction is required for RO permeate
                                                      water. pH of
                                                      RO permeate water is slightly acidic in nature. It is around 5.5 to 6.4. Normally pH correction is carried out
                                                      by
                                                      caustic or Soda ash solution or by using degasser system. Degasser system removes CO2 (Carbon dioxide) from
                                                      water and
                                                      raise pH of water up to 7 (neutral pH).<\/p><\/li>

                                                    21. What is feed water limiting condition for RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      Following are the feed water limiting condition for RO system.<\/p>

                                                      1. Chlorine : Nil<\/li>
                                                      2. Suspended solids : < 1 ppm<\/li>
                                                      3. Turbidity : < 1 NTU<\/li>
                                                      4. SDI : < 4<\/li>
                                                      5. BOD and COD : Nil ( In some cases 10 ppm tolerable )<\/li>
                                                      6. Heavy metals : Nil<\/li>
                                                      7. Oil and grease : Nil<\/li>
                                                      8. pH (for cellulose acetate membrane) : 4 – 6 (for Polyamide membrane) : 3 – 11<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                      9. Does chlorine affect RO membrane?<\/h3>

                                                        Yes, if chlorine is present in RO feed water, it will oxidize RO membrane and will increase the pore size of
                                                        RO
                                                        membrane. It will deteriorate RO permeate water quality. Hence chlorine should be Nil in RO feed water.
                                                        Activated carbon
                                                        filter and SMBS dosing system are provided in pretreatment to prevent chlorine from entering RO membrane.<\/p><\/li>

                                                      10. What is tolerable limit for iron for RO system?<\/h3>

                                                        Iron in feed water should be less than 0.3 ppm for trouble free and safe operation of RO system. Fouling will
                                                        take place
                                                        on RO membrane and it will reduce RO permeate flow, if iron is more than 0.3 ppm.<\/p><\/li>

                                                      11. What is the life of reverse osmosis membrane?<\/h3>

                                                        RO membrane will last for at least 3 years with proper operation and maintenance of RO plant and with proper
                                                        pretreatment system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                      12. What is the difference between brackish water and sea water?<\/h3>

                                                        The primary difference between brackish water and seawater is in the amount of dissolved salts\/solids.
                                                        Seawater contains
                                                        higher amounts of dissolved solids ie from 10000 mg\/l to over 40000 mg\/l of total dissolved solids. Water that
                                                        has < 10000 mg\/l dissolved solids is considered to be Brackish. The greater the salt content of the water, the
                                                        higher the pressure or electric power needed to treat water using membranes, resulting in higher energy
                                                        costs.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                                                        DTRO \u2013 Disc Tube Reverse Osmosis<\/h2>

                                                        1. What is INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                          Disc tube reverse osmosis (INDION\u00ae DTRO) technology has a distinct module structure than the spiral reverse
                                                          osmosis
                                                          technology. The feed flow enters the pressure vessel and reaches the disc in a short distance. With open flow
                                                          channels,
                                                          the feed flows 180 degrees over one side of the membrane and reverse flow to the other side, flowing on to the
                                                          next
                                                          disc. The reject and permeate flow down to the outlet. This flow reversal causes turbulence and an open
                                                          channel flow
                                                          path reduces the need for extensive pre-treatment.<\/p><\/li>

                                                        2. What is difference between Conventional RO and INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                          The Conventional RO system requires extensive pre treatment to meet stringent feed limiting condition like
                                                          SDI < 3, turbidity <1 NTU, O&G \u2013 NIL. Hence UF system is must as pre-treatment to meet above SDI limits.
                                                          Membrane replacement cost is comparatively higher as entire membrane needs to be replaced. Whereas, DTRO
                                                          requires less pre treatment due to its unique assembly feature and can handle SDI upto15 to 20, turbidity
                                                          <10, O&G up to 10 ppm. Hence only Sand Filtration is sufficient as Pre-treatment to DTRO system. It can
                                                          handle higher fluctuations in feed quality. Membrane replacement cost is lower as individual membrane
                                                          cushion can be replaced.<\/p><\/li>

                                                        3. What are the limiting conditions for Feed BOD & COD in INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                          There are no such feed limiting conditions for COD & BOD in INDION\u00ae DTRO<\/p><\/li>

                                                        4. What are the types of cycles?<\/h3>
                                                          1. Service Cycle – It is service cycle for filtration process<\/li>
                                                          2. Rinsing \/Flushing Cycle – Flushing cycle with permeate water<\/li>
                                                          3. Cleaning in place (CIP) Cycle – Chemical cleaning in process cycle<\/li>
                                                          4. MGF backwash.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                          5. What are the basic important parameters for monitoring INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                            Basic important parameters for monitoring are Conductivity, TSS, COD, pH, ORP, Total Hardness, Silica and
                                                            Temperature<\/p><\/li>

                                                          6. What are the advantages of INDION\u00ae DTRO over conventional RO system?<\/h3>

                                                            Aspects of comparison<\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Spiral RO<\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Disc- Tube RO<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Pre-treatment <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Extensive
                                                            pre-treatment required<\/p><\/td>

                                                            Less pre-treatment
                                                            required<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Silt Density Index
                                                            <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            SDI < 5<\/p><\/td>

                                                            SDI\u00a0 15 to 20<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Turbidity <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            < 1 NTU<\/p><\/td>

                                                            < 10 NTU<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Oil & Grease <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Nil<\/p><\/td>

                                                            10 ppm<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Minimal
                                                            pre-treatment for Suspended solids <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            UF<\/p><\/td>

                                                            MGF<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Chemical Treatment
                                                            <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            As per requirement<\/p><\/td>

                                                            As per requirement<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Feed Quality
                                                            Fluctuation <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Unable to cope up
                                                            with excess feed fluctuations.<\/p><\/td>

                                                            Can handle
                                                            fluctuations in feed quality<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Recovery <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Depends on type of
                                                            feed effluent and type of membrane.<\/p><\/td>

                                                            \u00a0Depends on type of
                                                            feed effluent and type of membrane.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            BOD & COD <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            <30 ppm<\/p><\/td>

                                                            No limiting
                                                            conditions<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Membrane
                                                            replacement cost <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Entire membrane
                                                            element need\u00a0 to be replaced<\/p><\/td>

                                                            Individual membrane
                                                            cushions can be replaced.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Average membrane
                                                            life <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            3years<\/p><\/td>

                                                            3years<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/li><\/ol>

                                                            AMBC- All Membrane Brine Concentrator<\/h2>

                                                            1. What is AMBC?<\/h3>

                                                              The AMBC stands for All Membrane Brine Concentrator, it is advanced technology achieved brine concentration
                                                              via
                                                              osmotically assisted reverse osmosis based on combination of forward osmosis and reverse osmosis.<\/p><\/li>

                                                            2. What are the advantages of AMBC system?<\/h3>
                                                              1. Operates on high salinity waters that are beyond the reach of a conventional reverse osmosis process<\/li>
                                                              2. Low power consumption compared to other competing processes<\/li>
                                                              3. Simple operation and high reliability<\/li>
                                                              4. It utilises electrical power, eliminating the use of thermal energy and the complexities common to other
                                                                brine
                                                                concentration approaches; Could be incorporated into existing seawater RO facilities with zero or little
                                                                impact on
                                                                the existing operations<\/li>
                                                              5. It reduces the size of expensive, high maintenance and complex thermal brine concentrators and
                                                                crystallisers in
                                                                zero liquid discharge (ZLD) applications by significantly reducing the feed fluid volume.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                              6. 3. Is it possible to concentrate high salinity effluent upto TDS concentration of 140000 ppm by membrane
                                                                based system?<\/h3>

                                                                Yes we can concentrate high TDS effluent upto 140000 ppm with help of AMBC system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              7. Does AMBC require thermal energy?<\/h3>

                                                                The AMBC process uses only electrical energy and does not require any thermal energy or vapour compression.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              8. Does AMBC system require energy lesser than thermal brine concentrator?<\/h3>

                                                                Yes. AMBC based system require fraction of energy compared to thermal energy brine concentrator.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              9. What pretreatment required for AMBC?<\/h3>

                                                                The pre-treatment requirements for AMBC are similar to that of a RO system. Impurities that can scale or foul
                                                                the
                                                                membranes are needed to be minimized prior to AMBC.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              10. What operating pressure required in AMBC system?<\/h3>

                                                                The operating pressures required in AMBC system are very much similar to that of seawater desalination RO
                                                                systems i.e 60
                                                                \u2013 70 bar.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                                                                Waste to Energy<\/h2>

                                                                1. What is INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM?<\/h3>

                                                                  The INDION\u00ae Waste to Energy System design is a cost-effective treatment that takes a radically different
                                                                  approach using
                                                                  a novel combination of proven technology to manage the problems of sludge, organic waste \/municipal solid
                                                                  waste.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                2. What mean by Organic solid waste?<\/h3>

                                                                  Organic Solid waste means any segregated garbage or refuse from residential, industrial, or commercial areas
                                                                  etc.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                3. What is sewage sludge?<\/h3>

                                                                  Sewage sludge is the sludge generated from Sewage treatment plants (STP) provided for community
                                                                  hotels\/institute\/universities.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                4. How INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM minimizes disposal cost of sewage sludge?<\/h3>

                                                                  INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM is based on co digestion of organic solid waste and sewage sludge, which
                                                                  reduces the
                                                                  quantity of sludge.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                5. What are the basic steps of INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM?<\/h3>
                                                                  1. Reception of Segregated Organic Solid Waste and STP sludge conditioning<\/li>
                                                                  2. Mechanical pre-treatment- To Shred organic waste and homogenize it with thickened sewage sludge via
                                                                    macerator.<\/li>
                                                                  3. Biogas handling system: Biogas generated from system shall be treated and converted to electrical power
                                                                    and heat.<\/li>
                                                                  4. Digested sludge shall be dewatered and used as fertilizer\/ manure. The heat from the biogas engine can
                                                                    also be
                                                                    used to dry the excess sludge to produce an organic fertilizer that meets the required hygienic standards
                                                                    for use in
                                                                    agriculture and landscaping.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                                  5. What are major advantages of INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM?<\/h3>
                                                                    1. High Biogas Generation which can be used as Clean Energy source<\/li>
                                                                    2. Generation of Organic Rich Fertilizer<\/li>
                                                                    3. No disposal cost for Sewage sludge and Organic waste.<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                      Agua y aguas residuales \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la contaminaci\u00f3n del agua? El t\u00e9rmino contaminaci\u00f3n del agua, en general puede definirse como cualquier alteraci\u00f3n enf\u00edsico,propiedades qu\u00edmicas o biol\u00f3gicas del agua por vertido de aguas residuales o residuos industriales o de cualquier l\u00edquido,gaseoso osustancias s\u00f3lidas en el agua que puedan o puedan crear molestias o hacer que dicha…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":21487,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false},"yoast_head":"\nPreguntas frecuentes - Ion Exchange<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Preguntas frecuentes - Ion Exchange\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Agua y aguas residuales \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la contaminaci\u00f3n del agua? El t\u00e9rmino contaminaci\u00f3n del agua, en general puede definirse como cualquier alteraci\u00f3n enf\u00edsico,propiedades qu\u00edmicas o biol\u00f3gicas del agua por vertido de aguas residuales o residuos industriales o de cualquier l\u00edquido,gaseoso osustancias s\u00f3lidas en el agua que puedan o puedan crear molestias o hacer que dicha…\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ion Exchange\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IONEXCHANGE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-10-07T09:15:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/faqs-banner-img.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"904\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IEI_Ltd\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"22 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/\",\"name\":\"Preguntas frecuentes - Ion Exchange\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-08T09:35:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-07T09:15:07+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/pt\/pagina-inicial\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Preguntas frecuentes\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/\",\"name\":\"Ion Exchange\",\"description\":\"Refreshing the Planet\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ion Exchange\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/localhost:8000\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ion-logo-1.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/localhost:8000\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ion-logo-1.webp\",\"width\":1,\"height\":1,\"caption\":\"Ion Exchange\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IONEXCHANGE\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/IEI_Ltd\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCqSuT-yd40I7RZ4p5UXuKbA\/videos\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Preguntas frecuentes - Ion Exchange","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/es\/preguntas-frecuentes\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Preguntas frecuentes - Ion Exchange","og_description":"Agua y aguas residuales \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la contaminaci\u00f3n del agua? 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