{"id":35848,"date":"2022-03-08T09:35:25","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T09:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.ionexchangeglobal.com\/?page_id=35848"},"modified":"2023-09-07T18:20:34","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T12:50:34","slug":"domande-frequenti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/it\/domande-frequenti\/","title":{"rendered":"Domande frequenti"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Acqua e acque reflue<\/h2>

  1. Cos\u2019\u00e8 l\u2019inquinamento dell\u2019acqua?<\/h3>

    Con il termine inquinamento delle acque, in generale, si pu\u00f2 definire qualsiasi alterazione del
    fisico,
    propriet\u00e0 chimiche o biologiche dell’acqua derivante dallo scarico di liquami o rifiuti industriali o di qualsiasi liquido,
    gassoso o
    sostanze solide nell’acqua in quanto potrebbero o potrebbero creare disturbi o rendere tale acqua nociva o dannosa
    A salute pubblica o per usi domestici, commerciali, industriali, agricoli o altri usi legittimi, o animale vita e salute.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    Quali sono i principali inquinanti dell\u2019acqua?<\/h3>

    Il gran numero di inquinanti dell\u2019acqua pu\u00f2 essere ampiamente classificato nelle seguenti categorie:<\/p>

    • Inquinanti inorganici<\/li>
    • Inquinanti organici<\/li>
    • Inquinanti termici<\/li>
    • Inquinanti radioattivi<\/li>
    • Sedimenti<\/li>
    • Agenti infettivi<\/li>
    • Nutrienti vegetali<\/li><\/ul>

      Inquinanti inorganici<\/p>


      Gli inquinanti chimici inorganici si trovano naturalmente nell’ambiente ma sono dovuti all’attivit\u00e0 umana
      sviluppo
      questi
      inquinanti
      Sono
      spesso concentrati e rilasciati nell’ambiente. I principali inquinanti inorganici che destano preoccupazione sono
      cadmio,
      rame,
      piombo, zinco, azoto, nitrati, nitriti, ammoniaca, fosforo e fosfato.<\/p>

      Fonti:<\/p>

      Gli effluenti industriali sono la principale fonte di inquinanti inorganici. Per esempio. anidride solforosa dall’energia elettrica
      impianti,
      Ammoniaca
      dagli scarti della lavorazione alimentare e dai rifiuti chimici derivanti dai sottoprodotti industriali. Fertilizzanti agricoli e
      superficie
      deflussi
      sono altre fonti di inquinanti inorganici.<\/p>

      Effetti dannosi<\/p>

      • Pu\u00f2 uccidere i pesci e altri animali acquatici<\/li>
      • Interferire con l’idoneit\u00e0 dell’acqua per uso potabile e industriale<\/li>
      • Gli inquinanti tossici tendono a concentrarsi nelle catene alimentari<\/li>
      • Degradare l’attivit\u00e0 microbica del suolo<\/li>
      • Perdita della capacit\u00e0 di vigilanza<\/li>
      • Perdita della coordinazione mano-occhio<\/li>
      • Il gas NO2 pu\u00f2 causare tosse, mancanza di respiro, irritazione delle vie aeree superiori, spasmi bronchiali,
        nausee
        e vomito<\/li><\/ul>

        \u00a0<\/p>

        • Inquinanti organiciGli inquinanti organici sono fondamentalmente composti che possono essere degradati da microrganismi. Di solito consuma il
          disponibile
          ossigeno nel processo di degradazione. Il DO ottimale nell’acqua naturale \u00e8 4-6 ppm e quindi organico
          inquinanti
          Piace
          i rifiuti fognari, gli oli ecc. devono essere rimossi per mantenere l’acqua libera da tali inquinanti.<\/p><\/li>

        • Inquinanti termici<\/p>


          L’acqua riscaldata viene scaricata come effluenti industriali. Al fine di mantenere la temperatura di equilibrio ecologico
          deve essere
          equalizzato con il corpo idrico ricevente. Questo \u00e8 un criterio importante poich\u00e9 l’aumento della temperatura si abbassa
          disciolto DO in
          acqua.<\/p><\/li>

        • Inquinanti radioattivi<\/p>


          Contribuiscono ai rifiuti di uranio e torio provenienti dall\u2019estrazione mineraria, dalla raffinazione e dalle sue varie applicazioni industriali
          radioattivo
          rifiuti. Le centrali nucleari e l’uso nella ricerca medica e scientifica sono aree in cui possono trovarsi tali rifiuti
          creato.<\/p><\/li>

        • Sedimenti<\/p>


          L\u2019erosione rimuove suolo e minerali dai terreni coltivati, dalle foreste, dalle comunit\u00e0 residenziali e aziendali e
          porta
          come
          sedimento. I sedimenti rappresentano gli inquinanti pi\u00f9 estesi delle acque superficiali.<\/p>

          I sedimenti del fondo sono un’importante fonte di materia inorganica e organica nei corsi d’acqua, nell’acqua dolce, negli estuari e
          oceani.
          I sedimenti sono anche depositi di metalli in traccia come Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, ecc.<\/p><\/li>

        • Agenti infettivi<\/p>


          Acque reflue scaricate dai comuni; sanatori, abbronzature, ecc. possono contenere sostanze potenzialmente letali
          microrganismi.<\/p><\/li>

        • Nutrienti vegetali<\/p>


          I nutrienti vegetali che stimolano la crescita includono azoto e fosforo aggiunti al BOD dell’acqua.
          Presenza
          Di
          i nutrienti incoraggiano la crescita delle alghe, che diminuisce i livelli di DO e crea problemi nei trattamenti.<\/p>

          1. Da dove viene l\u2019inquinamento dell\u2019acqua?<\/h3>

            Le fonti di inquinamento dell\u2019acqua sono classificate come fonti di contaminazione dirette e indirette. Diretto
            fonti
            direttamente
            scaricare contaminanti nelle acque superficiali, comprese le acque reflue delle fabbriche e le acque reflue
            alloggiamento
            colonie.
            Le fonti indirette includono contaminanti che entrano nella fornitura idrica dal suolo\/acque sotterranee e da
            IL
            atmosfera
            tramite l’acqua piovana. Il suolo e le acque sotterranee contengono residui di pratiche agricole (fertilizzanti,
            pesticidi,
            ecc.) e
            smaltiti in modo improprio i rifiuti industriali. Anche i contaminanti atmosferici derivano da pratiche umane
            (ad esempio
            emissioni gassose di automobili, fabbriche e persino panifici).<\/p><\/li>

          2. Come rileviamo l\u2019inquinamento dell\u2019acqua?<\/h3>

            L’acqua \u00e8 inquinata da diversi contaminanti e pu\u00f2 essere rilevata analizzando campioni di acqua in
            laboratorio.
            Titolazione
            il test consiste nel rilevare la durezza, sciogliere l’ossigeno, l’anidride carbonica e l’alcalinit\u00e0. I test colorimetrici lo sono
            eseguita
            controllare
            PH, fosfati, silice, ammoniaca e solfuri. Il test limite dei metalli pesanti serve a determinare il livello di metalli pesanti
            metalli.<\/p><\/li>

          3. Cos’\u00e8 l’eutrofizzazione? Come pu\u00f2 essere prevenuto?<\/h3>

            Aumento della concentrazione di fosforo, azoto e altri nutrienti vegetali in un ecosistema acquatico
            come un lago
            si chiama eutrofizzazione. Questo aumento del livello dei nutrienti si traduce in un ciclo di vita accelerato delle piante acquatiche
            come le alghe,
            giacinto d’acqua, ecc. La copertura vegetale limita l’ingresso di luce e ossigeno nell’acqua. Inoltre il
            detriti degradanti
            consuma tutto l’ossigeno disciolto disponibile nell’acqua rendendo l’acqua senza vita. Le acque reflue dovrebbero essere trattate
            per la rimozione
            del fosforo e dei nitrati mediante vari metodi fisico-chimici e biologici. Le tecnologie efficaci lo sono
            disponibile in
            rimozione dei nutrienti insieme a BOD e COD. Metodi convenzionali di nitrificazione separata e
            anche la denitrificazione pu\u00f2
            essere adottato ma con costi e area maggiori.<\/p><\/li>

          4. Da dove provengono le acque reflue?<\/h3>

            Le acque reflue provengono da acque reflue che comprendono acque nere (rifiuti umani) e acque grigie (cucina e lavanderia).
            sciupare),
            scarico di fosse settiche, rifiuti industriali che comprendono effluenti e acque di processo. Pratiche agricole
            anche produrre
            acque reflue contaminando l\u2019acqua con pesticidi e fertilizzanti<\/p><\/li>

          5. Perch\u00e9 \u00e8 necessario trattare le acque reflue?<\/h3>

            Il corretto trattamento delle acque reflue riduce i rischi per la salute dell’uomo e degli animali e previene la superficie e
            acque sotterranee
            contaminazione. Il trattamento delle acque reflue aiuta a riutilizzare le acque reflue e riduce il consumo di acqua dolce
            acqua.<\/p><\/li>

          6. Cos\u2019\u00e8 un sistema di trattamento delle acque reflue?<\/h3>

            Il trattamento delle acque reflue \u00e8 il processo di rimozione dei contaminanti dalle acque reflue e dalle acque reflue domestiche
            deflussi
            (effluenti), domestici, commerciali e istituzionali. Include fisico, chimico e biologico
            processi da rimuovere
            contaminanti fisici, chimici e biologici. Il suo obiettivo \u00e8 produrre un prodotto sicuro per l’ambiente
            fluido
            flusso di rifiuti
            (o effluente trattato) e un rifiuto solido (o fango trattato) idoneo allo smaltimento o al riutilizzo (solitamente come
            fertilizzante agricolo).<\/p>

            Il sistema di trattamento dipende dalle caratteristiche delle acque reflue e dalla qualit\u00e0 dell’acqua trattata da ottenere.
            Il trattamento
            l’impianto comprende trattamenti primari quali vagli, camere di dissabbiatura e chiarificatori.<\/p><\/li>

          7. Cos\u2019\u00e8 il trattamento aerobico delle acque reflue?<\/h3>

            Il trattamento aerobico delle acque reflue \u00e8 il processo in cui i batteri richiedono ossigeno per la loro respirazione
            ossidante o
            consumando la materia organica presente nelle acque reflue. I batteri aerobici possono convertire solo composti organici
            quando in abbondanza
            l’ossigeno \u00e8 presente, perch\u00e9 ne hanno bisogno per eseguire qualsiasi tipo di conversione chimica. Di solito i prodotti
            si convertono
            i contaminanti sono anidride carbonica e acqua<\/p><\/li>

          8. Che cosa sono l’MLSS e l’MLVSS?<\/h3>

            MLSS \u00e8 solidi sospesi di liquori misti e MLVSS \u00e8 solidi sospesi volatili di liquori misti.
            MLSS rappresenta i solidi in sospensione totale nel serbatoio di aerazione mentre MLVSS fa parte di MLSS che in realt\u00e0
            concentrazione di
            materia biologica presente nel serbatoio di aerazione.<\/p><\/li>

          9. Cos’\u00e8 il rapporto F\/M?<\/h3>

            Si tratta del rapporto tra cibo e massa, ovvero tra il BOD e il microrganismo presente nel serbatoio di aerazione<\/p><\/li>

          10. 12. Cosa significa C:N:P e quale dovrebbe essere il rapporto mantenuto?<\/h3>

            C– Fonte di carbonio che costituisce cibo per la biomassa.\u2013 Sia COD che BOD. Normalmente viene considerato BOD per il
            progetto
            scopo di
            trattamento aerobico e concentrazione di COD considerata per il trattamento anaerobico.
            N \u2013 Azoto (TKN) che \u00e8 i nutrienti
            P \u2013 Fosforo.
            Normalmente \u00e8 nel rapporto C:N:P ovvero 100: 5: 1 se BOD come fonte di carbonio e 500:5:1 se COD come carbonio
            fonte per
            calcolo.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ul>

            MBR \u2013 Bioreattore a membrana<\/h2>

            1. Cos’\u00e8 l’MBR?<\/h3>

              Il bioreattore a membrana (MBR) \u00e8 una combinazione del processo a fanghi attivi e della tecnologia a membrana
              fornire un
              livello avanzato di rimozione dei solidi organici e sospesi.<\/p><\/li>

            2. Quali sono i vantaggi del sistema MBR rispetto al sistema convenzionale?<\/h3>
              1. Sistema compatto<\/li>
              2. Elevata qualit\u00e0 degli effluenti<\/li>
              3. Possibile carico volumetrico elevato<\/li>
              4. Alto tasso di degrado<\/li>
              5. Possibilit\u00e0 di conversione dalla depurazione a fanghi attivi convenzionale esistente<\/li>
              6. Rimuove i batteri fino a 6 log<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

              7. Tipi di MBR sommerso\/immerso<\/h3>
                1. Lamiera piana<\/li>
                2. Fibra cava<\/li>
                3. Possibile carico volumetrico elevato<\/li>
                4. Alto tasso di degrado<\/li>
                5. Possibilit\u00e0 di conversione dalla depurazione a fanghi attivi convenzionale esistente<\/li>
                6. Rimuove i batteri fino a 6 log<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                7. Cos’\u00e8 INDION\u00aeIPC MBR?<\/h3>

                  Le membrane INDION IPC MBR sono “membrane a canale del permeato integrato” piatte (membrana IPC) che ne comprendono due
                  membrana
                  strati spalmati direttamente su superfici opposte di un tessuto tridimensionale (tessuto 3D) che viene utilizzato come supporto
                  del
                  strati di membrana. Il tessuto 3D \u00e8 costituito da due strati di tessuto paralleli distanziati da anelli di
                  monofilamento
                  fili, formando cos\u00ec un canale di permeato tra gli strati di membrana.<\/p><\/li>

                8. Quale MLSS \u00e8 generalmente mantenuto nel sistema INDION\u00aeIPC MBR?<\/h3>

                  Il sistema INDION\u00aeIPC MBR ha un MLSS elevato rispetto ai sistemi ASP e FMR convenzionali. Il sistema INDION\u00aeIPC MBR ha
                  MLSS
                  8000-12000 mg\/litro.<\/p><\/li>

                9. Quali sono i vantaggi di INDION\u00aeIPC MBR?<\/h3>
                  1. Impianto di trattamento delle acque reflue compatto e modulare con sistema biologico integrato e sistema di ultrafiltrazione
                    fornire
                    qualit\u00e0 costante dell’acqua trattata attraverso membrane che saranno prive di batteri e potranno essere direttamente riutilizzate
                    per
                    giardinaggio, lavaggio auto, torri di raffreddamento, edilizia e tutti gli scopi secondari.<\/li>
                  2. Anche in caso di fanghi galleggianti \u00e8 possibile garantire una qualit\u00e0 di scarico priva di solidi<\/li>
                  3. Funziona a una concentrazione MLSS pi\u00f9 elevata (8.000 \u2013 12.000 mg\/litro) nel serbatoio di aerazione e una maggiore ritenzione dei fanghi
                    tempo da qui in poi
                    la bassa generazione di fanghi si traduce in una riduzione dei costi per il sistema di gestione dei fanghi. Il fango generato \u00e8
                    completamente
                    fanghi digeriti.<\/li>
                  4. Pi\u00f9 efficiente nel funzionamento ad alto flusso rispetto ad altre tecnologie MBR. Richiede una superficie inferiore della membrana
                    zona e
                    impronta vegetale.<\/li>
                  5. Riduzione sostanziale del consumo energetico grazie alla minore superficie della membrana.<\/li>
                  6. La membrana all’avanguardia Low Fouling e completamente lavabile sul retro aiuta a ridurre il consumo di prodotti chimici per la pulizia
                    E
                    garantisce una lunga durata della membrana.<\/li>
                  7. Riduzione dei costi di capitale e di esercizio dell’impianto<\/li>
                  8. L’ingombro pu\u00f2 essere ridotto grazie alla disposizione della membrana a due e tre piani.<\/li>
                  9. L’STP richiede una semplice costruzione civile. L’impianto pu\u00f2 essere reso funzionale o aggiornato in tempi molto brevi da
                    installazione di moduli a membrana prefabbricati.<\/li>
                  10. Impianto completamente automatizzato con funzionamento intuitivo e manutenzione minima.<\/li>
                  11. La disinfezione o un trattamento terziario pi\u00f9 esteso possono essere omessi. Non \u00e8 necessario alcun trattamento terziario aggiuntivo
                    Piace
                    clorazione, filtri a sabbia, filtro a carbone attivo o qualsiasi sistema di filtrazione.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                  12. Quali sono le caratteristiche di INDION\u00aeIPC MBR?<\/h3>
                    1. Membrane Integrated Permeate Channel (IPC \u00ae) la prima membrana piana completamente lavabile in controcorrente<\/li>
                    2. Rendimento del flusso doppio rispetto ad altri MBR (40 LMH per le acque reflue e 20 LMH per gli effluenti)<\/li>
                    3. Minore impronta e minore richiesta di energia<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                      FMR \u2013 Reattore per mezzi fluidizzati<\/h2>

                      1. Cos’\u00e8 la FMR?<\/h3>

                        Il sistema Fluidized Media Reactor (FMR) \u00e8 costituito da un sistema di aerazione dei fanghi attivi in \u200b\u200bcui si trovano i batteri
                        \u00e8 allegato
                        sui supporti portanti. Questi supporti hanno un’ampia superficie interna per un contatto ottimale con acqua, aria e batteri.<\/p><\/li>

                      2. Differenza tra FMR e MBBR?<\/h3>

                        MBBR e FMR sono la stessa tecnologia con nomi diversi.<\/p><\/li>

                      3. Quali sono i tipi di supporti FMR?<\/h3>

                        1. Supporti in PP<\/h4>
                          1. Alta Superficie Protetta<\/li>
                          2. Elevata resistenza fisica e chimica dei mezzi<\/li>
                          3. Basse perdite annuali (3-5%)<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                          4. Mezzi impregnati di carbonio<\/h4>
                            1. Supporti PU porosi e assorbenti impregnati di carbone attivo<\/li>
                            2. Elevata capacit\u00e0 assorbente<\/li>
                            3. Elevata porosit\u00e0 interna con area superficiale estremamente ampia<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                            4. Quali sono i vantaggi del sistema FMR?<\/h3>
                              1. Riduzione dei costi energetici e operativi<\/li>
                              2. Nessun riciclo continuo dei fanghi<\/li>
                              3. Riduzione significativa dello spazio grazie all’elevata superficie e al caricamento dei supporti<\/li>
                              4. Meno manutenzione<\/li>
                              5. Facile miglioramento ed ampliamento degli impianti di trattamento delle acque reflue esistenti<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                                \u00a0UASB \u2013 Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed<\/h2>

                                1. What is anaerobic wastewater treatment?<\/h3>

                                  Anaerobic treatment is a biological process carried out in the absence of O2 for the stabilization of organic
                                  materials.
                                  The stabilization of organic material by conversion to methane, carbon dioxide, new biomass and inorganic
                                  products.
                                  Anaerobic treatment is most suitable for wastewaters with COD concentrations in the high strength range (>2000
                                  mg\/l).<\/p><\/li>

                                2. What are types of anaerobic technologies?<\/h3>
                                  1. Fixed Film reactor<\/li>
                                  2. Fluidised Bed reactor<\/li>
                                  3. Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Be d (INDION\u00ae UASB)<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                  4. What is use of Three Phase separator in INDION\u00ae UASB ?<\/h3>

                                    Three Phase separator enables the reactor to separate gas, water and sludge mixtures.<\/p><\/li>

                                  5. What are the advantages of INDION\u00ae UASB compared to conventional UASB?<\/h3>
                                    1. Feed distribution boxes ensures even distribution of effluent at bottom of UASB.<\/li>
                                    2. Less power consumption by gravity feeding system.<\/li>
                                    3. Higher Life of internals – FRP fabricated from Iso-Phthalic Resin & all the pipes are in HDPE<\/li>
                                    4. Gas Dome INDION\u00ae UASB gas dome is of FRP Iso-Phthalic Resin which is inert to this environment.<\/li>
                                    5. Less replacement of internals with life of internals more than 12-15 years<\/li>
                                    6. Inlet & outlet launders are open and hence can be Inspected, cleaned & maintained easily.<\/li>
                                    7. Even inlet distribution system, uniform outlet collection system and provision for scum removal which
                                      increases
                                      the efficiency of UASB and consistent performance over long period of operation.<\/li>
                                    8. Higher gas generation<\/li>
                                    9. Outside Lamella clarifier , which gives better control on the settling of solids.<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                                      SBR \u2013 Sequential Batch Reactor<\/h2>

                                      1. What is INDION\u00ae SBR?<\/h3>

                                        INDION\u00ae SBR is modification of conventional activated sludge process. In INDION\u00ae SBR, equalization,
                                        biological treatment
                                        and clarification of treated wastewater carried out in single tank with time control sequence.<\/p><\/li>

                                      2. What are the steps involved in INDION\u00ae SBR system?<\/h3>
                                        1. Fill :- The inlet valve opens and the tank is being filled in, while mixing is provided by means of blower
                                          (air)<\/li>
                                        2. React (aeration):- Aeration of the mixed liquor is performed during the second stage by the use of
                                          mechanical
                                          aerators or transferring air into fine bubble diffusers fixed to the floor of the tank (diffused aeration
                                          system).<\/li>
                                        3. Settle (sedimentation\/ Clarification):- No aeration or mixing is provided in the third stage and the
                                          settling of
                                          suspended solids starts.<\/li>
                                        4. Draw (decant):- During the fourth stage the outlet valve opens and the “clean\u201d supernatant liquor exits
                                          the tank.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                        5. What are the advantages of INDION\u00ae SBR system?<\/h3>
                                          1. Flow rate fluctuations do not upset the plant as flow rate variation is limited to equalization tank only.
                                            In SBR,
                                            there is only level control of fixed volume.<\/li>
                                          2. Operating flexibility and control – Better process control (MLSS, BOD loading and F\/M ratio) as in batch
                                            process
                                            one can monitor and adjust the parameter very easily when compared with continuous process.<\/li>
                                          3. Consistent good quality treated sewage for reuse application (BOD – <10, TSS – <20)<\/li>
                                          4. Nitrification & Denitrification ,Primary clarification, biological treatment and secondary clarification
                                            can be
                                            achieved in a single reactor vessel.<\/li>
                                          5. Elimination of clarifiers, sludge recirculation system.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                          6. Can SBR have more than one tank design?<\/h3>

                                            Yes, we can design SBR system with multiple SBR basin as per influent flow rate.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                                            NGPSTP \u2013 New Generation Packaged Sewage Treatment Plant<\/h2>

                                            1. What is NGPSTP?<\/h3>

                                              NGPSTP is New Generation Packaged Sewage treatment Plant which combines aeration and clarification in single
                                              unit.<\/p><\/li>

                                            2. Does NGPSTP handles Total Nitrogen?<\/h3>

                                              Yes. NGPSTP has anoxic zone which can convert nitrates to nitrogen gas by denitrification process.<\/p><\/li>

                                            3. Does NGPSTP require air blower?<\/h3>

                                              No. NGPSTP works on principle of rotating biological contactors.<\/p><\/li>

                                            4. Does NGPSTP have lower operating cost compare to other STP technologies?<\/h3>

                                              Yes. Air blower and pumps are not required in NGPSTP due to which it has lower OPEX compare to other aerobic
                                              technologies.<\/p><\/li>

                                            5. What are the features of NGPSTP?<\/h3>
                                              1. All in one single packaged STP<\/li>
                                              2. Modular design<\/li>
                                              3. High quality effluent<\/li>
                                              4. 3 month sludge storage capacity<\/li>
                                              5. Minimal maintenance<\/li>
                                              6. GRP constriction \u2013 no corrosion<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                              7. What are the advantages of NGPSTP?<\/h3>
                                                1. Minimal land requirement<\/li>
                                                2. Lower OPEX (operating cost)<\/li>
                                                3. Lower CAPEX (Capital cost)<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>

                                                  Desalination<\/h2>

                                                  1. What is osmosis?<\/h3>

                                                    Osmosis refers to the passage of water through a thin semipermeable membrane from the side with low salt
                                                    concentration
                                                    to the side with higher salt concentration. This can happen even when the water level is higher on the high
                                                    salt side
                                                    and the water must move against a pressure difference. The bottom line is that osmosis refers to a
                                                    concentration
                                                    difference manifesting itself as a pressure difference.<\/p><\/li>

                                                  2. What is reverse osmosis (RO)?<\/h3>

                                                    The other side of the coin is reverse osmosis. A difference in pressure is used to cause a difference in salt
                                                    concentration. It is as though the pressure is being used to force the water molecules through the membrane
                                                    while
                                                    retaining the larger salt. Salt means any inorganic compound dissolved in water. When water is processed by
                                                    reverse
                                                    osmosis a large fraction of dissolved material is removed. The cleaner the input water the cleaner the output
                                                    water will
                                                    be. Conversely, if your input water is clean enough, you may not need an RO unit.<\/p><\/li>

                                                  3. What are the alternatives to RO?<\/h3>
                                                    1. Distillation- It produces clean water by evaporating the water from the input and condensing the steam. It
                                                      is
                                                      highly energy-intensive and expensive unless you have a free source of waste heat. Distillation systems tend
                                                      to be
                                                      low capacity.<\/li>
                                                    2. Ion-exchange- The systems work by exchanging cations such as calcium and magnesium for the cation on the
                                                      resin,
                                                      usually sodium, potassium or hydrogen. They also exchange anions like carbonate and sulfate for the anion on
                                                      the
                                                      resin, usually chloride or hydroxyl. These systems can be recharged and should be as the resins are very
                                                      expensive.
                                                      The recharging may be just a small annoyance (as with sodium chloride resins) or potentially hazardous (as
                                                      with
                                                      hydrogen\/hydroxyl resins).<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                    3. How do I know what is in my drinking water?<\/h3>

                                                      If you are on city water, your local water must meet very strict Federal and State standards for purity.
                                                      However, many
                                                      areas use ground water (well water) high in minerals and salts. This can affect taste. All municipally treated
                                                      water is
                                                      chlorinated, and this can also affect taste and create odors in the water. If you are on a private well or
                                                      spring, you
                                                      should have your water tested. Contact AWS for specific recommendations.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    4. Will RO remove hardness minerals or help cut down on scale build-up in coffee pots, etc.?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes! Most water contains “total dissolved solids” (TDS), which is roughly the total inorganic mineral content
                                                      of the
                                                      water, and these are removed. The reverse osmosis membrane separates these dissolved solids, or salts and
                                                      flushes them
                                                      down the drain.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    5. Will these systems remove lead?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes. Both the RO membrane and the carbon block filter will reduce the lead. Carbon block filters use a
                                                      lead-specific
                                                      filter media combined with the carbon to reduce lead.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    6. Will RO systems remove parasites or cysts?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes. The RO systems are certified for cyst removal.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    7. Are bacteria a problem with reverse osmosis systems?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes and no. We have tested many of our systems for total bacteria counts over the years and have not found
                                                      higher levels
                                                      after the systems unless the systems sat for several days in between uses. However, in some cases, bacteria
                                                      can grow,
                                                      particularly when the source water is high in bacteria and\/or low in chlorine residual. We also have
                                                      Ultra-Violet
                                                      Sterilizer Systems that disinfect water after it leaves the filter system, insuring water low in bacteria. The
                                                      manufacturers state in their warranty information that the RO systems are designed to be installed on water
                                                      that is
                                                      disinfected or does not have dangerous bacteria such as e.coli.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    8. Are RO systems difficult to install?<\/h3>

                                                      No. The RO systems come complete with tubing, fittings and items required to install it. In some cases you
                                                      may need to
                                                      drill a new hole in your sink, or you can use an existing hole to install the RO faucet. Typically a plumber
                                                      will take
                                                      20 minutes to read the installation instructions and 1 to 1-1\/2 hours to do a professional installation, but
                                                      many
                                                      homeowners have installed these themselves.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    9. The filters should be changed once a year. The membrane should be changed every 3 to 5 years depending on
                                                      the TDS levels in the purified water. How often should I change the filters in an RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      The filters should be changed once a year. The membrane should be changed every 3 to 5 years depending on the
                                                      TDS levels
                                                      in the purified water.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    10. What does mean by ‘Recovery’ of RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      ‘Recovery’ of RO system is defined as ratio of Permeate Flow to the Feed Flow.
                                                      % Recovery = Permeate Flow\/Feed Flow X 100
                                                      For e.g. : If feed Flow is 100 m3\/hr and Permeate Flow is 60 m3\/hr Then Recovery of RO
                                                      System is 60 %.
                                                      Recovery = 60 m3\/hr\/100 m3\/hr X 100
                                                      = 60 %.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    11. What is meaning of ‘Salt Passage’?<\/h3>

                                                      Theoretically no salt should pass through RO membrane. But no membrane is 100% perfect. Hence some salt does
                                                      pass
                                                      through imperfections on the membrane. Passage of this salt is called ‘Salt Passage’. % Salt Passage =
                                                      Permeate TDS\/Feed
                                                      TDS X 100<\/p><\/li>

                                                    12. What is meaning of ‘Salt rejection’?<\/h3>

                                                      The percentage of Solute concentration removed from system feed water by the membrane is called ‘Salt
                                                      rejection’. % Salt
                                                      rejection = (1 – Salt Passage) X 100<\/p><\/li>

                                                    13. What does it mean by ‘Permeate water’?<\/h3>

                                                      Purified product water produced by membrane is called ‘Permeate water’ of RO system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    14. What is meaning of ‘Reject water’?<\/h3>

                                                      Concentrated high TDS water is rejected by membrane is called ‘Reject water’ of RO system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    15. What does mean by ‘Flux’?<\/h3>

                                                      The rate of Permeate water transported per unit membrane area is called ‘Flux’ of RO system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    16. What is MOC for RO membrane?<\/h3>

                                                      Polyamide and Cellulose acetate are the MOC for RO membrane.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    17. Does RO system require cleaning?<\/h3>

                                                      Yes, RO system needs cleaning frequently, to remove scaling and fouling from the membrane surface, to improve
                                                      system
                                                      performance.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    18. What factors affect RO performance?<\/h3>

                                                      Pressure, temperature, recovery and feed water salt concentration are the factors which mainly influence the
                                                      RO
                                                      performance.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    19. Can I use RO reject water for other applications?<\/h3>

                                                      If RO reject TDS is 1000 ppm, we can use it for gardening purpose and toilet flushing purpose. RO reject
                                                      water having
                                                      TDS 1000 ppm to 2000 ppm can also be selectively used for plantation as some plants survive and grow on High
                                                      TDS water.<\/p><\/li>

                                                    20. Is pH correction required for RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      In some process application where neutral pH (pH 7) is desired, pH correction is required for RO permeate
                                                      water. pH of
                                                      RO permeate water is slightly acidic in nature. It is around 5.5 to 6.4. Normally pH correction is carried out
                                                      by
                                                      caustic or Soda ash solution or by using degasser system. Degasser system removes CO2 (Carbon dioxide) from
                                                      water and
                                                      raise pH of water up to 7 (neutral pH).<\/p><\/li>

                                                    21. What is feed water limiting condition for RO system?<\/h3>

                                                      Following are the feed water limiting condition for RO system.<\/p>

                                                      1. Chlorine : Nil<\/li>
                                                      2. Suspended solids : < 1 ppm<\/li>
                                                      3. Turbidity : < 1 NTU<\/li>
                                                      4. SDI : < 4<\/li>
                                                      5. BOD and COD : Nil ( In some cases 10 ppm tolerable )<\/li>
                                                      6. Heavy metals : Nil<\/li>
                                                      7. Oil and grease : Nil<\/li>
                                                      8. pH (for cellulose acetate membrane) : 4 – 6 (for Polyamide membrane) : 3 – 11<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                      9. Does chlorine affect RO membrane?<\/h3>

                                                        Yes, if chlorine is present in RO feed water, it will oxidize RO membrane and will increase the pore size of
                                                        RO
                                                        membrane. It will deteriorate RO permeate water quality. Hence chlorine should be Nil in RO feed water.
                                                        Activated carbon
                                                        filter and SMBS dosing system are provided in pretreatment to prevent chlorine from entering RO membrane.<\/p><\/li>

                                                      10. What is tolerable limit for iron for RO system?<\/h3>

                                                        Iron in feed water should be less than 0.3 ppm for trouble free and safe operation of RO system. Fouling will
                                                        take place
                                                        on RO membrane and it will reduce RO permeate flow, if iron is more than 0.3 ppm.<\/p><\/li>

                                                      11. What is the life of reverse osmosis membrane?<\/h3>

                                                        RO membrane will last for at least 3 years with proper operation and maintenance of RO plant and with proper
                                                        pretreatment system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                      12. What is the difference between brackish water and sea water?<\/h3>

                                                        The primary difference between brackish water and seawater is in the amount of dissolved salts\/solids.
                                                        Seawater contains
                                                        higher amounts of dissolved solids ie from 10000 mg\/l to over 40000 mg\/l of total dissolved solids. Water that
                                                        has < 10000 mg\/l dissolved solids is considered to be Brackish. The greater the salt content of the water, the
                                                        higher the pressure or electric power needed to treat water using membranes, resulting in higher energy
                                                        costs.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                                                        DTRO \u2013 Disc Tube Reverse Osmosis<\/h2>

                                                        1. What is INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                          Disc tube reverse osmosis (INDION\u00ae DTRO) technology has a distinct module structure than the spiral reverse
                                                          osmosis
                                                          technology. The feed flow enters the pressure vessel and reaches the disc in a short distance. With open flow
                                                          channels,
                                                          the feed flows 180 degrees over one side of the membrane and reverse flow to the other side, flowing on to the
                                                          next
                                                          disc. The reject and permeate flow down to the outlet. This flow reversal causes turbulence and an open
                                                          channel flow
                                                          path reduces the need for extensive pre-treatment.<\/p><\/li>

                                                        2. What is difference between Conventional RO and INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                          The Conventional RO system requires extensive pre treatment to meet stringent feed limiting condition like
                                                          SDI < 3, turbidity <1 NTU, O&G \u2013 NIL. Hence UF system is must as pre-treatment to meet above SDI limits.
                                                          Membrane replacement cost is comparatively higher as entire membrane needs to be replaced. Whereas, DTRO
                                                          requires less pre treatment due to its unique assembly feature and can handle SDI upto15 to 20, turbidity
                                                          <10, O&G up to 10 ppm. Hence only Sand Filtration is sufficient as Pre-treatment to DTRO system. It can
                                                          handle higher fluctuations in feed quality. Membrane replacement cost is lower as individual membrane
                                                          cushion can be replaced.<\/p><\/li>

                                                        3. What are the limiting conditions for Feed BOD & COD in INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                          There are no such feed limiting conditions for COD & BOD in INDION\u00ae DTRO<\/p><\/li>

                                                        4. What are the types of cycles?<\/h3>
                                                          1. Service Cycle – It is service cycle for filtration process<\/li>
                                                          2. Rinsing \/Flushing Cycle – Flushing cycle with permeate water<\/li>
                                                          3. Cleaning in place (CIP) Cycle – Chemical cleaning in process cycle<\/li>
                                                          4. MGF backwash.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                          5. What are the basic important parameters for monitoring INDION\u00ae DTRO?<\/h3>

                                                            Basic important parameters for monitoring are Conductivity, TSS, COD, pH, ORP, Total Hardness, Silica and
                                                            Temperature<\/p><\/li>

                                                          6. What are the advantages of INDION\u00ae DTRO over conventional RO system?<\/h3>

                                                            Aspects of comparison<\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Spiral RO<\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Disc- Tube RO<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Pre-treatment <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Extensive
                                                            pre-treatment required<\/p><\/td>

                                                            Less pre-treatment
                                                            required<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Silt Density Index
                                                            <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            SDI < 5<\/p><\/td>

                                                            SDI\u00a0 15 to 20<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Turbidity <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            < 1 NTU<\/p><\/td>

                                                            < 10 NTU<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Oil & Grease <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Nil<\/p><\/td>

                                                            10 ppm<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Minimal
                                                            pre-treatment for Suspended solids <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            UF<\/p><\/td>

                                                            MGF<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Chemical Treatment
                                                            <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            As per requirement<\/p><\/td>

                                                            As per requirement<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Feed Quality
                                                            Fluctuation <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Unable to cope up
                                                            with excess feed fluctuations.<\/p><\/td>

                                                            Can handle
                                                            fluctuations in feed quality<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Recovery <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Depends on type of
                                                            feed effluent and type of membrane.<\/p><\/td>

                                                            \u00a0Depends on type of
                                                            feed effluent and type of membrane.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            BOD & COD <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            <30 ppm<\/p><\/td>

                                                            No limiting
                                                            conditions<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Membrane
                                                            replacement cost <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            Entire membrane
                                                            element need\u00a0 to be replaced<\/p><\/td>

                                                            Individual membrane
                                                            cushions can be replaced.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

                                                            Average membrane
                                                            life <\/b><\/p><\/td>

                                                            3years<\/p><\/td>

                                                            3years<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/li><\/ol>

                                                            AMBC- All Membrane Brine Concentrator<\/h2>

                                                            1. What is AMBC?<\/h3>

                                                              The AMBC stands for All Membrane Brine Concentrator, it is advanced technology achieved brine concentration
                                                              via
                                                              osmotically assisted reverse osmosis based on combination of forward osmosis and reverse osmosis.<\/p><\/li>

                                                            2. What are the advantages of AMBC system?<\/h3>
                                                              1. Operates on high salinity waters that are beyond the reach of a conventional reverse osmosis process<\/li>
                                                              2. Low power consumption compared to other competing processes<\/li>
                                                              3. Simple operation and high reliability<\/li>
                                                              4. It utilises electrical power, eliminating the use of thermal energy and the complexities common to other
                                                                brine
                                                                concentration approaches; Could be incorporated into existing seawater RO facilities with zero or little
                                                                impact on
                                                                the existing operations<\/li>
                                                              5. It reduces the size of expensive, high maintenance and complex thermal brine concentrators and
                                                                crystallisers in
                                                                zero liquid discharge (ZLD) applications by significantly reducing the feed fluid volume.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                              6. 3. Is it possible to concentrate high salinity effluent upto TDS concentration of 140000 ppm by membrane
                                                                based system?<\/h3>

                                                                Yes we can concentrate high TDS effluent upto 140000 ppm with help of AMBC system.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              7. Does AMBC require thermal energy?<\/h3>

                                                                The AMBC process uses only electrical energy and does not require any thermal energy or vapour compression.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              8. Does AMBC system require energy lesser than thermal brine concentrator?<\/h3>

                                                                Yes. AMBC based system require fraction of energy compared to thermal energy brine concentrator.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              9. What pretreatment required for AMBC?<\/h3>

                                                                The pre-treatment requirements for AMBC are similar to that of a RO system. Impurities that can scale or foul
                                                                the
                                                                membranes are needed to be minimized prior to AMBC.<\/p><\/li>

                                                              10. What operating pressure required in AMBC system?<\/h3>

                                                                The operating pressures required in AMBC system are very much similar to that of seawater desalination RO
                                                                systems i.e 60
                                                                \u2013 70 bar.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                                                                Waste to Energy<\/h2>

                                                                1. What is INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM?<\/h3>

                                                                  The INDION\u00ae Waste to Energy System design is a cost-effective treatment that takes a radically different
                                                                  approach using
                                                                  a novel combination of proven technology to manage the problems of sludge, organic waste \/municipal solid
                                                                  waste.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                2. What mean by Organic solid waste?<\/h3>

                                                                  Organic Solid waste means any segregated garbage or refuse from residential, industrial, or commercial areas
                                                                  etc.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                3. What is sewage sludge?<\/h3>

                                                                  Sewage sludge is the sludge generated from Sewage treatment plants (STP) provided for community
                                                                  hotels\/institute\/universities.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                4. How INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM minimizes disposal cost of sewage sludge?<\/h3>

                                                                  INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM is based on co digestion of organic solid waste and sewage sludge, which
                                                                  reduces the
                                                                  quantity of sludge.<\/p><\/li>

                                                                5. What are the basic steps of INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM?<\/h3>
                                                                  1. Reception of Segregated Organic Solid Waste and STP sludge conditioning<\/li>
                                                                  2. Mechanical pre-treatment- To Shred organic waste and homogenize it with thickened sewage sludge via
                                                                    macerator.<\/li>
                                                                  3. Biogas handling system: Biogas generated from system shall be treated and converted to electrical power
                                                                    and heat.<\/li>
                                                                  4. Digested sludge shall be dewatered and used as fertilizer\/ manure. The heat from the biogas engine can
                                                                    also be
                                                                    used to dry the excess sludge to produce an organic fertilizer that meets the required hygienic standards
                                                                    for use in
                                                                    agriculture and landscaping.<\/li><\/ol><\/li>

                                                                  5. What are major advantages of INDION\u00ae WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM?<\/h3>
                                                                    1. High Biogas Generation which can be used as Clean Energy source<\/li>
                                                                    2. Generation of Organic Rich Fertilizer<\/li>
                                                                    3. No disposal cost for Sewage sludge and Organic waste.<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                      Acqua e acque reflue Cos\u2019\u00e8 l\u2019inquinamento dell\u2019acqua? Con il termine inquinamento delle acque, in generale, si pu\u00f2 definire qualsiasi alterazione delfisico,propriet\u00e0 chimiche o biologiche dell’acqua derivante dallo scarico di liquami o rifiuti industriali o di qualsiasi liquido,gassoso osostanze solide nell’acqua in quanto potrebbero o potrebbero creare disturbi o rendere tale acqua nociva o dannosaA salute…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":21487,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false},"yoast_head":"\nDomande frequenti - Ion Exchange<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ionexchangeglobal.com\/int\/it\/domande-frequenti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Domande frequenti - Ion Exchange\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Acqua e acque reflue Cos\u2019\u00e8 l\u2019inquinamento dell\u2019acqua? 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